Overview
Land use in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) is shaped by its diverse natural landscapes, administrative complexity, and historical developments. The territory is largely mountainous, with limited flat land, which presents challenges for agriculture and urban development but offers significant ecological value through extensive forests and natural areas. Strategic land use planning is vital to ensure sustainability, reduce environmental degradation, and improve landscape fire resilience.
As urbanization and climate pressures intensify, adopting integrated land use practices becomes increasingly important. Responsible management of land—particularly forests and agricultural areas—is not only key to economic development and biodiversity protection but also crucial in mitigating the risks and impacts of landscape fires.
Forests and Forest Land
Forests cover approximately 63% of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with FBiH accounting for around 1.53 million hectares of forest and forest land. About 82% of these forests are state-owned, while 18% are privately held.
Figure 1 Ownership of Forests in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Forests are classified into three categories: economic, protective, and special-purpose forests, and are managed according to 10-year forest management plans.
- Forest Composition:
- High forests with natural regeneration: 39.7%
- Coppice forests: 21.1%
- Forest cultures: 4.8%
- Productive bare land: 13.4%
- Mine-contaminated forest areas: 10%
- Timber Stock:
The total timber stock is estimated at 183 million m³, of which 58% is broadleaf and 42% coniferous species. High forests account for 87% of the total stock.
Investing in landscape fire prevention—such as fuel/firebreaks, public education, and improved forest planning—can significantly enhance fire resilience, protect biodiversity, and support rural livelihoods. A major obstacle to sustainable forest management is the presence of minefields in about 10% of forest areas, many of which are economically valuable but remain inaccessible. This poses both ecological and safety risks, especially during forest fires. Aerial firefighting is often required in such cases, demanding careful planning and coordination.
Ownership of Forests in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Forest area
1,53
million ha
Mined areas
124,975
ha
Agricultural Land
Agriculture remains a cornerstone of rural livelihoods in FBiH, contributing to employment, food security, and the preservation of traditional practices. However, the sector faces growing pressure from land abandonment, urbanization, and outmigration.
- Land Composition (2022):
- Total agricultural land in BiH: 2.56 million ha
- In FBiH: approx. 1.26 million ha
- Arable land and gardens: 508,000 ha
- Pastures: 502,000 ha
- Meadows: 248,000 ha
- Land Use Trends:
Data over the last five years shows a decline in cultivable land, primarily due to demographic shifts and economic changes. Abandoned lands often become overgrown, increasing fire risks, while remaining cultivated areas face threats from uncontrolled burning of vegetation. - Canton Differences:
The share of agricultural land varies across cantons, from 75.7% in Posavina to 18.8% in Sarajevo. In some cantons, arable land dominates, while in others, pastures or meadows are more prevalent. - Agriculture and Fire Management:
Abandoned lands and unsustainable land practices contribute significantly to the spread of landscape fires. By promoting sustainable farming, educating rural communities, and integrating agriculture into broader fire management strategies, FBiH can build stronger defenses against climate-induced fire risks.
Agricultural land
1,26
million ha